Německé ponorkové loďstvo mělo obdobně jako v první světové válce vyhladovět a izolovat Britské ostrovy ničením obchodních lodí. Za vlastní počátek bitvy o Atlantik lze považovat 14. říjen 1939, kdy jedna německá ponorka vnikla do zálivu Scapa Flow, hlavního opěrného bodu britské domácí flotily (Home Fleet), přičemž potopila jednu ze zde zakotvených bitevních lodí. Přes tento úspěch se však do poloviny roku 1940 německé útoky v Atlantském oceánu omezovaly pouze na ojedinělé akce osamocených ponorek. Teprve po dobytí Francie, jež umožnilo zřízení ponorkových základen v přístavech v Brestu, Lorientu, Saint-Nazaire a La Rochelle, zajišťujících rychlejší dosažení operačních prostorů, došlo k zefektivnění německých ponorkových operací. Německé ponorky plně rozvinuly taktiku vlčích smeček, proti nimž byly spojenecké konvoje, slabě chráněné doprovodnými torpédoborci, bezmocné. V roce 1940 přišli Spojenci o 4,5 milionů tun lodního prostoru a v roce 1941 o zhruba stejné množství. Vítězství německých ponorek obratně využívala nacistická propaganda, jež mnohé z úspěšných kapitánů stylizovala do role národních hrdinů. K podpoře vedení ponorkové války vyplula v květnu 1941 z Baltského moře do Atlantiku německá eskadra. Ta sestávala z právě do služby uvedené bitevní lodi Bismarck, těžkého křižníku Prinz Eugen a několika torpédoborců. V průběhu plavby v Dánském průlivu mezi Grónskem a Islandem poslal Bismarck ke dnu britský křižník HMS Hood. Přesto dříve, než doplul do Francie, byl dostižen a zničen britským loďstvem.
Po vstupu Spojených států do války se těžiště německých akcí přesunulo blíže k americkému pobřeží. Zpočátku špatně organizovaná americká pobřežní obrana nedokázala zamezit útokům na obchodní lodě. Operační pásmo ponorek se později v důsledku intenzivnější obrany rozšířilo až do Karibiku a jižního Atlantiku. Původní počet asi 50 ponorek na počátku války vzrostl ve druhé polovině roku 1942 na více než 300. Tento rok byl proto nejúspěšnějším rokem německých ponorek, které zničily přes 8 milionů tun lodního prostoru, čímž se nejvíce přiblížily kritické hranici ohrožující britské hospodářství.
Koncem roku 1942 však Spojenci prolomili německé šifrovací zařízení Enigma, používané ponorkami. Díky zvýšené spojenecké produkci modernějších letadel a torpédoborců bylo v květnu 1943 potopeno 43 německých ponorek, což si vynutilo dočasné přerušení ponorkových operací. Na tomto zvratu, jenž se projevil poklesem potopené tonáže na 3,5 milionů, nic nezměnil ani vynález šnorklu. Po osvobození Francie v létě 1944 musely být opuštěny ponorkové základny na pobřeží Atlantiku. Ponorky byly pak zatlačeny zpět do Severního a Baltského moře. Po německé kapitulaci v květnu 1945 byly ponorky buď poslány ke dnu, nebo se jejich posádky vzdaly ve spojeneckých přístavech.
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